Various mental disorders dominate an individual’s cognition, emotional, and behavioral patterns. Mental disorders can also be characterized as mental health conditions. These mental disorders are associated with impairment in areas of functioning in an individual. Bipolar Disorder is one of the mental health conditions among others being the most prominent in public consciousness for several reasons.
According to Mental Health America, 1 in every 40 American adults are a prey to bipolar disorder (BD). Affecting around 1% of adolescents BD affects equally men and women, unlike any other mental health condition. Many famous individuals have discussed their experiences with bipolar disorder. The National Institute of Mental Health has shown a study, that an average of 9.2 years of life span is estimated to have reduced in individuals with bipolar disorder and at least 1 out of 5 patients successfully committing suicide.
Many refer to bipolar disorder as mere mood swings. But is it just mood swings? Is it as rare as it is said to be? We shall explore all the areas of what exactly BD is and why it requires more attention than any other mental health condition.
Table of Contents
A Closer Look at Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar disorder formerly called manic depressive illness is a mental health disorder that causes extreme mood swings from feeling high, irritable, restlessness, and agitation to feeling extremely depressed, worried, and withdrawn. The high moments are often referred to as manic or hypomanic whereas the low moods are regarded as depression. Depending on the types and patterns of mood experienced by an individual with BD is categorized into different types which we shall look into shortly. Before we get into the types, let’s first understand the mood episodes.
- Manic Episodes
Manic Episode also known as “Mania” is an abnormality where an individual feels heightened will for goal-oriented tasks, increased energy and activity, restlessness, and irritability. These episodes can last up to 7 days affecting the individual most of the days. It can cause more noticeable symptoms creating difficulties in relationships and social activities. In some cases, it may require hospitalization.
- Hypomania Episodes
Similar to manic episodes, Hypomania is less severe lasting up to 4 consecutive days. Hypomania can also create discomfort around social gatherings and affect relationships. It does not however require hospitalization.
- Major Depressive Disorder
Major Depressive Disorder also known as Depression, is a mental health condition that causes persistent depressed mood, loss of interest, fatigue, and low self-esteem. Often escalating to difficulty in concentrating, affecting cognitive functions, and thoughts of suicide. Depression can last up to 2 weeks or more.
Different Types of Bipolar Disorder
Depending on the lasting duration and symptoms experienced by the individual Bipolar Disorder is categorized into 3 different types:
- Bipolar I disorder
Bipolar I disorder can be diagnosed as an individual experiencing heightened manic episodes for a consecutive period of 7 days or more often resulting in hospitalization. Individuals with Bipolar I disorder may or may not experience a major depressive disorder. Bipolar I disorder is mostly dominated by manic symptoms.
Symptoms:
- Experiencing euphoria
- High in energy
- Difficulty concentration
- Irritability
- Sleeplessness
2. Bipolar II Disorder
Bipolar II disorder is often diagnosed in individuals experiencing Major Depressive Disorder along with at least 1 hypomania episode. These symptoms can last up to 7 days or more. Due to depression being the primary noticeable symptom, bipolar II disorder can often be mistakenly diagnosed as Major Depressive Disorder. According to research, Bipolar II disorder can be more severe than Bipolar I due to frequent and longer depressive episodes.
Symptoms:
- Extreme Fatigue
- Loss of interest and pleasure
- Feeling of guilt and shame
- Suicidal thoughts
- Improper sleep habits
3. Cyclothymic Disorder
Cyclothymic disorder is not as severe as bipolar I disorder and bipolar II disorder. The individual with cyclothymic disorder may experience high and low shifts in mood for a prolonged period affecting their daily life. It is not as severe to have the patient get hospitalized. The cyclothymic disorder may include symptoms of both manic and depressiveness and can be treated with psychotherapy and counseling.
Symptoms:
- Insomnia
- Aggressiveness
- Loss of appetite
- Hopelessness
- Unexplainable physical symptoms
Understanding ICD-10 Code in Bipolar Disorder Diagnosis
ICD which means International Certificate of Disease, is a system used by physicians and medical health professionals to classify and code various diagnoses, symptoms, and insurance claim processing. According to the World Health Organisation, ICD-10 is the 10th revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems.
In case of diagnosis of Bipolar Disorder for any claim and insurance claim-related reimbursement requests, You may need to look up the ICD-10 code. ICD-10 code is a 7-letter alphanumeric character, the first letter being capital. You can locate the ICD-10 code printed next to or under the “Diagnosis” or “DX” on the heading of a medical report, bill, or provider letter.
- ICD-10 Codes Used for Bipolar Disorder
Each ICD-10 code starts with a capital letter from the alphabet categorized by the nature of the diagnosis. For example, A and B are coded for Infectious and parasitic diseases, C is coded for Cancer, and D is coded for Neoplasms, blood, and blood-forming organs. For Mental and Behavioural Disorders the code “F” is used. Bipolar disorder diagnosis comes under ICD 10 code F31. Below are some codes used for BD you may find helpful in identifying your diagnosis type.
Bipolar vs Borderline Personality Disorder
Bipolar disorder and borderline personality disorder(BPD) are often mistaken for each other due to many overlapping symptoms. They can be commonly confused in diagnosis because of these common factors.
- Similarities Between Bipolar and Borderline Personality Disorder
- Both disorders involve significant mood changes.
- Both disorders have common impulsive tendencies such as substance abuse, high-risk physical activities, and risky sexual behaviors.
- Both disorders show a common symptom of aggressiveness turning into anger bursts,
- In both conditions worthlessness, depression, self-harm, and suicidal behaviour are found.
- Social life and relationships become unstable for people with any of these disorders.
- Differences Between Bipolar and Borderline Personality Disorder
Despite having many common symptoms, bipolar disorder, and borderline personality disorder are two different mental health conditions. Several factors play as a cause of each of the conditions. Let’s look at the list of the reasons that are potential causes of each of these disorders.
The Causes of Bipolar Disorder
- Genetic Connection- BD is believed to have a strong genetic link. It is also said that it is a heritable mental health condition.
- Trauma Response- Childhood Trauma and stress could also be the reason behind this disorder.
- Neurodiversity- Some studies suggest this disorder could arise with neurodiversity while further studies need to be conducted to firmly believe this.
The Causes of Borderline Personality Disorder
- Genetic Connection- BPD could be linked with genetic factors. One could develop symptoms of BPD if there is someone in the family with this disorder.
- Trauma Response- BPD is considered to be highly associated with childhood trauma and abuse. Parental abuse, substance abuse, sexual abuse, and emotional abuse can contribute to this disorder.
- Neurodiversity- Borderline personality disorder is mostly associated with emotional dysregulation.
Treatment Options for Bipolar Disability
The symptoms of bipolar disability often arise in the age of late teens and early 20s. BD is a lifelong condition that requires treatment. There are several treatment options to treat this condition. A Mental health professional will be better able to guide you with the right-suited treatment plan per the severity of your symptoms. It is always advised to consult with your designated healthcare professional before adopting any treatment option.
Medication
In terms of medication, mood stabilizers are recommended for maniac and depressed episodes. Antipsychotic, anti-depressant, and anti-anxiety medications are often recommended in case of severe depression.
Psychotherapy
Psychotherapy such as cognitive behavioral therapy is often advised. Psychoeducation is advised to the family and caretakers to educate and spread more understanding in coping with individuals with BD. You may also explore Prioritizing Your Wellbeing While Caring for Others.
Lifestyle Management
Lifestyles such as healthy sleep habits, healthy diets & exercise, and avoiding substances &stimulants are advised for overall well-being and mood stability.
Is Bipolar Disorder a Disability
According to the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), BD qualifies as a disability. It is also protected under the Social Security Administration (SSA) for BD to be a Disability. Whether you have bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, or cyclothymic disorder, it can qualify if it leaves you unable to work.
There are several more factors to be aware of before you opt for disability benefits.
- You have been diagnosed with BD for at least 1 year.
- You are unable to work because of your condition caused by this disorder.
- There is a chance that your disability will last for more than one year.
- You have worked in a job for certain years where you have paid social security taxes.
You can check out more on additional slabs to qualify for disability benefits in the official SSA portal.
Conclusion
Bipolar disorder is a multifaceted mental health condition that affects millions of individuals worldwide, with significant implications for their daily lives and overall well-being. While psychotherapy offers essential support for coping strategies and emotional regulation, lifestyle management further supports individuals in maintaining stability and improving their quality of life.
Bipolar disorder demands comprehensive understanding, compassion, and a multifaceted approach to treatment. Increased awareness and education about this condition can lead to better support systems, reduce stigma, and ultimately improve the lives of those living with BD. If you or someone you know is struggling with BD, seeking professional help and exploring available resources is a crucial step toward managing this challenging yet manageable condition.
Frequently Asked Questions
When was bipolar disorder discovered?
Bipolar disorder previously known as maniac disorder was first identified in 1980 by a French psychiatrist Jean-Pierre Falret.
What is the difference between major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder?
Major depressive disorder also known as depression consists of symptoms of persistent depressed mood, loss of interest, loss of hope, and fatigue. Whereas bipolar disorder consists of the same symptoms as depression along with manic symptoms such as heightened mood, increased energy, and agitation.
How does bipolar disorder affect the brain?
Experts believe that bipolar disorder manipulates the brain’s chemical functions often resulting in heightened emotional experiences such as euphoria or extreme stressful experiences such as depression.
How to fix bipolar disorder without meds?
Bipolar disorder can be managed with various lifestyle changes such as a healthy sleep routine, mindfulness, and physical activities. However, in case of severe symptoms, it is always advised to seek professional help.
How often does ADHD co-occur with bipolar disorder?
Bipolar disorder and ADHD often occur together. Due to overlapping symptoms, the diagnosis can be misinterpreted. Research suggests that about 1 in 13 patients with ADHD has also shown positive signs for Bipolar disorder.